Daigou: Transnational Flows, Relatedness, and the Reproduction of the Chinese Family

Forfattere

Meina Jia Sandal
Aarhus University

Nøgleord:

Transnationalism, Relatedness, Anthropology, China, Immigration, Gender

Synopsis

This dissertation discusses the impact and meaning of transnational daigou (buying-on-behalf-of) businesses, where Chinese immigrants, primarily women, supply networks of kin and friends in China with infant formula bought in Denmark. The circulation of goods and capital between consumers and suppliers results in an extensive transnational network based on mutual trust and morality. In this respect, the daigou practices constitute both vertical intergenerational and horizontal transnational forms of relatedness, which in different ways contribute to solving the conundrum of family reproduction in contemporary China and the Chinese diaspora.

Referencer

Adkins, Lisa, and Beverley Skeggs. 2006. Feminism after Bourdieu. Digital Print ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Adler, Alfred. 1974. Understanding Human Nature. 10 ed. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Aguirre, Maria Sophia. 2009. "The Feminine Vocation and the Economy." 8 (1): 49.

Almas, Reidar. 1999. "Food Trust, Ethics and Safety in Risk Society." Sociological Research Online 4 (3): 1-7.

Anagnost, Ann. 1989. "Transformations of Gender in Modern China." In Gender and Anthropology: Critical Reviews for Research and Teaching, edited by Sandra Morgen, 313-342. Arlington: American Anthropological Association.

---. 2008. "From “Class” to “Social Strata”: Grasping the Social Totality in Reform-era China." Third World Quarterly 29 (3): 497-519.

Andreas, Joel. 2008. "Changing Colours in China." New Left Review 54: 123-142.

---. 2019a. Disenfranchised : the Rise and Fall of Industrial Citizenship in China. New York: Oxford University Press.

---. 2019b. "Participatory Paternalism." In Disenfranchised: The Rise and Fall of Industrial Citizenship in China. New York, America: Oxford University Press.

Appadurai, Arjun. 1986. The Social Life of Things : Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

---. 1990. "Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy." Theory, Culture and Society 7 (2-3): 295-310.

Baan, Wouter, Lan Luan, Felix Poh, and Daniel Zipser. 2017. Double-clicking on the Chinese consumer: The New Health Craze, the Rise of the Post-90s Generation, and Other Trends Worth Watching. McKinsey & Company. https://weblogibc-co.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/11/double-clicking-on-the-chinese-consumer.pdf.

Baker, Sarah Elsie, and Rosalind Edwards. 2012. How Many Qualitative Interviews is Enough? Expert Voices and Early Career Reflections on Sampling and Cases in Qualitative Research. National Centre for Research Methods.

Bally, Charles, Ferdinand de Saussure, and Albert Sechehaye. 1966. Course in General Linguistics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Baudrillard, Jean. 1998. The Consumer Society : Myths and Structures. London: SAGE.

Berg, Lisbet, Unni Kjaernes, Elena Ganskau, Vera Minina, Ludmila Voltchkova, Bente Halkier, and Lotte Holm. 2005. "Trust in Food Safety in Russia, Denmark and

Norway." European Societies 7 (1): 103-129.

Bian, Yanjie. 1997. "Review of The Flow of Gifts: Reprocity and Social Networks in a Chinese Village, by Yan Yunxiang." The China Quarterly 150: 474.

Blackledge, Paul. 2018. "Frederick Engels, Social Reproduction, and the Problem of a Unitary Theory of Women’s Oppression." Social Theory and Practice.

Bloch, Maurice, and Jonathan P. Parry. 1982. Death and the Regeneration of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bloor, M. 1978. "On the Analysis of Observational Data: A Discussion of the Worth and Uses of Inductive Techniques and Respondent Validation." Sociology 12 (3): 545-

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1969. "Intellectual Field and Creative Project." Social Science Information 8 (2): 89-119.

---. 1986. "The Forms of Capital." In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by John Richardson, 241-258. New York: Greenwood.

---. 1989. Distinction : a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge.

---. 1993. The Field of Cultural Production : Essays on Art and Literature. Edited by Randal Johnson. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Boutang, Yann Moulier. 2011. Cognitive Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Brandt, Loren, and Thomas G. Rawski. 2008. China's Great Economic Transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Branigan, Tania. 2008. "Chinese Figures Show Fivefold Rise in Babies Sick from Contaminated Milk." The Guardian, 2008.

Bruckermann, Charlotte. 2017. "Caring Claims and the Relational Self across Time: Grandmothers Overcoming Reproductive Crises in Rural China." The Journal of the

Royal Anthropological Institute 23 (2): 356-375.

---. 2020. "Why Do Grandparents Grumble? Chinese Children's Birthdays between Kinship, Market, and State." Ethnos 85 (1): 145-167.

Bryman, Alan. 2016. Social Research Methods. Edited by Alan Bryman. 5. edition. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bunkenborg, Mikkel, and Anders Sybrandt Hansen. 2019. "Moral Economies of Food in Contemporary China." Journal of current Chinese affairs 48.

Burawoy, Michael. 2003. "Revisits: An Outline of a Theory of Reflexive Ethnography." American sociological review 68 (5): 645-679.

Burnham, James. 1962. The Managerial Revolution. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

Cameron, Jenny, and J. K. Gibson-Graham. 2003. "Feminising the Economy: Metaphors, Strategies, Politics." Gender, Place and Culture : A Journal of Feminist Geography

(2): 145-157.

Carey, Matthew. 2017. Mistrust: An Ethnographic Theory. Edited by Giovanni da Col and Katharine Herman. Chicago, USA: HAU Books.

Carsten, Janet. 1995. "The Substance of Kinship and the Heat of the Hearth: Feeding, Personhood, and Relatedness among Malays in Pulau Langkawi." American Ethnologist 22 (2): 223-241.

---. 2000. Cultures of Relatedness : New Approaches to the Study of Kinship. New York: Cambridge University Press.

---. 2007. After Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Center for China and Globalization. 2020. Annual Report on Chinese International Migration. Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press.

Chan, Alan Kam-leung, and Sor-hoon Tan. 2004. "Filial Piety in Chinese Thought and History."

Charmaz, Kathy. 2006. Constructing Rrounded Theory a Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis.Introducing Qualitative Methods Series. London: SAGE.

Chen, An. 2002. "Capitalist Development, Entrepreneurial Class, and Democratization in China." Political Science Quarterly 117 (3): 401-422.

Chen, Kuan-Hsing. 2010. Asia as Method : Toward Deimperialization. Durham NC: Duke University Press.

Chen, Shaoyuan, Yifei Wang, and Lina Zhu. 2017. "A Review on an Old Case in Red Yellow Blue Kindergarten in Siping: Children still Have Trauma." Caixin, 2017.

China Daily. 2016. Beijing Tops China Monthly Salary List at $ 1,414: Report, 2016.

---. 2021. "Customs Officers Bust Milk Powder Smugglers".

China Spotlight Series. 1984. Life in Modern China. Beijing: New World Press.

Ci, Jiwei. 1994. Dialectic of the Chinese Revolution : from Utopianism to Hedonism. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press.

Collins, Caitlyn. 2019. Making Motherhood Work : How Women Manage Careers and

Caregiving. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Cook, Daniel Thomas. 2009. "Semantic Provisioning of Children’s Food: Commerce, Care and Maternal Practice." Childhood 16 (3): 317-334.

Credit Suisse Research Institute. 2015. Global Wealth Report 2015.

Croll, Elisabeth. 1986. Chinese Women since Mao. 1. Edition ed. London: Zed Books.

Denzin, Norman K., and Yvonna S. Lincoln. 2005. The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research third ed. Thousand Oaks, California Sage Publications.

DeVault, Marjorie L. 1994. Feeding the Family : the Social Organization of Caring as Gendered Work. Paperback ed. ed.Women in Culture and Society. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press.

Diener, Ed, Rick Crandall, and Edward Diener. 1978. Ethics in Social and Behavioral Research. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Doepke, Matthias, and Fabrizio Zilibotti. 2019. Love, Money, and Parenting : How Economics Explains the Way We Raise our Kids. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Du, Yue. 2022. State and Family in China : Filial Piety and its Modern Reform. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Duijn, Sarah van. 2020. "Everywhere and Nowhere at Once: the Challenges of Following in Multi-sited Ethnography." Journal of Organizational Ethnography 9 (3): 281-294. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOE-12-2019-0045.

Eagle, Nathan. 2014. "The Emerging World’s Inequality Time Bomb".

Echo, Huang. 2017. "A High-end Chinese Kindergarten is Accused of Child Abuse after Needle Marks were Found on Students." Quartz, 2017.

Eisenstein, Zillah R. 1994. The Color of Gender : Reimaging Democracy. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press.

Engels, Frederick. 2000. Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. London: ElecBook.

England, Kim V. L. 1994. "Getting Personal: Reflexivity, Positionality, and Feminist Research." The Professional geographer 46 (1): 80-89.

Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 2003. Globalisation Studies in Anthropology.Anthropology, Culture, and Society. London: Pluto Press.

Evans, Harriet. 2010. "The Gender of Communication: Changing Expectations of Mothers and Daughters in Urban China." The China Quarterly 204 (204): 980-1000.

Fei, Xiaotong. 1980. Peasant life in China : A Field Study of Country Life in the Yangtze Valley.International Library of Sociology. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Fei, Xiaotong, Gary G. Hamilton, and Wang Zheng. 1992. From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society. 1 ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Fei, Xiaotong, Margaret Park Redfield, and Yung-Teh Chow. 1980. China's Gentry : Essays in Rural-urban Relations.Midway Reprint. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Ferdinand, Jason, Geoff Pearson, Mike Rowe, and Frank Worthington. 2007. "A Different

Kind of Ethics." Ethnography 8 (4): 519-543.

Fong, Vanessa L. 2011. Paradise Redefined: Transnational Chinese Students and the Quest for Flexible Citizenship in the Developed World. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

Fong, Vanessa L., and Rachel Murphy. 2006. Chinese Citizenship : Views from the Margins.Routledge Studies on the Chinese Economy London: Routledge.

Forsyth, Stewart. 2018. "Is the WHO Creating Unnecessary Confusion Over Breast Milk Substitutes?" Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 67 (6): 760-762.

Frankel, S. Herbert. 1977. Money, Two Philosophies : the Conflict of Trust and Authority. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Fukuyama, Francis. 1996. Trust : the Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. London: Penguin.

Geertz, Clifford. 1963. Agricultural Involution: the Process of Eclogical Change in Indonesia. Cambridge University Press.

---. 1973. "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture." In The Interpretation of Cultures, edited by Clofford Geertz. New York: Basic Books.

Geller, Martinne, and Pei Li. 2019. "Nestle, Rivals Vie for Big Baby Formula Prize in China’s Smaller Cities." Reuters, 2019.

Glaser, Barney G., and Anselm L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory : Strategies for Qualitative Research.Observations. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Gold, Thomas, Doug Guthrie, and David Wank. 2002. Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture, and the Changing Nature of Guanxi.Structural Analysis in the

Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Goodman, David S. G. 2008. "Why China Has No New Middle Class: Cadres, Managers and Entrepreneurs " In The New Rich in China : Future Rulers, Present Lives, edited by David S. G. Goodman. London: Routledge

Goodman, David S. G., and Beverley Hooper. 1994. China's Quiet Revolution : New Interactions between State and Society. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.

Gottschang, Suzanne K. 2000. "A Baby-Friendly Hospital and the Science of Infant Feeding." In Feeding China’s Little Emperors: Food, Children, and Social Change,

edited by Jun Jing. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

Gregory, Christopher. 1982. Gifts and Commodities. Chicago, Illinois: HAU Books.

---. 2009. "Whatever Happened to Economic Anthropology?" The Australian Journal of Anthropology 20 (3): 285-300.

Griffiths, Michael B. 2012. Consumers and Individuals in China : Standing out, Fitting in. Chinese Worlds New York, NY: Routledge.

Grummer-Strawn, Laurence M. 2018. "Clarifying the Definition of Breast-Milk Substitutes." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 67 (6): 683-683.

Guba, Egon G., and Yvonna S. Lincoln. 1982. "Epistemological and Methodological Bases of Naturalistic Inquiry." Educational Communication and Technology 30 (4): 233-

---. 1994. "Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research." In Handbood of Qualitative Research edited by N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage.

Guldan, Georgia S. 2000. "Paradoxes of Plenty: China’s Infant- and Child- Feeding Transition." In Feeding China's Little Emperors : Food, Children, and Social

Change, edited by Jun Jing. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

Guo, Yingjie. 2008. "Class, Stratum and Group: the Politics of Description and Prescription " In The New Rich in China : Future Rulers, Present Lives, edited by David S. G.

Goodman. London: Routledge.

Guo, Yuhua. 2000. "Food and Family Relations: The Generation Gap at the Table " In Feeding China's Little Emperors : Food, Children, and Social Change, edited by Jing

Jun. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

Hakim, Catherine. 2011. Erotic Capital : the Power of Attraction in the Boardroom and the Bedroom. New York: Basic Books.

Hamashita, Takeshi. 2011. "Professor Yuzo Mizoguchi: Personal Remembrance." Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 12 (1): 3-12.

Hammersley, Martyn, and Paul Atkinson. 2019. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. 4 ed. Milton: Routledge.

Hannerz, Ulf. 2003. "Being There... and There... and There! Reflections on Multi-site Ethnography." Ethnography 4 (2): 201-216.

---. 2019. "Flows, Boundaries and Hybrids: Keywords in Transnational Anthropology." 135-158. Routledge.

Hansen, Anders Sybrandt. 2015. "The Temporal Experience of Chinese Students Abroad and the Present Human Condition." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 44 (3): 49-77.

Hanser, Amy. 2008. Service Encounters : Class, Gender, and the Market for Social Distinction in Urban China. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

---. 2010. "Uncertainty and the Problem of Value: Consumers, Culture and Inequality in Urban China." Journal of Consumer Culture 10 (3): 307-332.

Hanser, Amy, and Jialin Camille Li. 2015. "Opting Out? Gated Consumption, Infant Formula and China's Affluent Urban Consumers." The China Journal (74): 110-128, 244.

Heimer, Maria, and Stig Thøgersen. 2006. Doing Fieldwork in China. Copenhagen: NIAS.

Hirschman, Albert O. 1981. The Passions and the Tnterests : Political Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph. 3. ed. ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Hofman, Bert. 2018. "Reflections on Forty Years of China’s Reforms." World Bank Blogs (blog).

Homan, Roger. 1991. The Ethics of Social Research.Aspects of Modern Sociology. London: Longman.

Homan, Roger, and Martin Bulmer. 1980. "The Ethics of Covert Methods." The British Journal of Sociology 31 (1): 46-59.

Honig, Emily. 2000. "Iron Girls Revisited: Gender and the Politics of Work in the Cultural Revolution, 1966-76." 97-110.

Horsburgh, Dorothy. 2003. "Evaluation of Qualitative Research." Journal of Clinical Nursing 12 (2): 307-312.

Huang, Yingying, and Suiming Pan. 2014. "Government Crackdown of Sex Work in China: Responses from Female Sex Workers and Implications for Their Health." Global

Public Health 9 (9): 1067-1079.

Huppatz, Kate. 2009. "Reworking Bourdieu's “Capital”: Feminine and Female Capitals in the Field of Paid Caring Work." Sociology 43 (1): 45-66.

Hutchinson, Sharon E. 1996. Nuer Dilemmas : Coping with Money, War, and the State. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press.

Hutchinson, Sharon Elaine. 2000. "Identity and Substance: the Broadening Bases of Relatedness among the Nuer of Southern Sudan." In Cultures of Relatedness : New

Approaches to the Study of Kinship, edited by Janet Carsten. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Jacka, Tamara. 1997. Women's Work in Rural China : Change and Continuity in an Era of Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jing, Jun. 2000. Feeding China's Little Emperors : Food, Children, and Social Change. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

Karl, Marx. 1972. The Marx-Engels reader. Vol. 4. Norton New York.

Kipnis, Andrew B. 1996. "The Language of Gifts: Managing Guanxi in a North China Village." Modern China 22 (3): 285-314.

---. 1997. Producing Guanxi : Sentiment, Self and Subculture in a North China Village. Durham: Duke University Press.

---. 2011. Governing Educational Desire : Culture, Politics, and Schooling in China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kjellgren, Björn. 2011. "The Significance of Benevolence and Wisdom - Reflections on Field Positionality " In Doing Fieldwork in China, edited by Maria Heimer and Stig

Thøgersen. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.

Klein, Jakob A. 2013. "Everyday Approaches to Food Safety in Kunming." The China Quarterly 214: 376-393.

Kvale, Steinar. 1995. "The Social Construction of Validity." Qualitative Inquiry 1 (1): 19-40.

Lambert, Helen. 2000. "Sentiment and Substance in North Indian Forms of Relatedness." In Cultures of relatedness : new approaches to the study of kinship, edited by Janet Carsten. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lan, Pei-Chia. 2006. Global Cinderellas : Migrant Domestics and Newly Rich Employers in Taiwan. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press.

---. 2018. Raising Global Families : Parenting, Immigration, and Class in Taiwan and the US. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Lash, Scott, and John Urry. 1996. Economies of Signs and Space. Reprint. ed. London: Sage.

Lei, Yongjun 2020. "2020 is the Year of Competition for Dairy Industry." China Dairy 217.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1997. "The Culinary Triangle." In Food and Culture : A Reader, edited by Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik. New York: Routledge

Li, Chunling. 2020. "Insecurity and Anxiety of the Chinese Middle Class." In The Middle Class in World Society: Negotiations, Diversities and Lived Experiences, edited by Christian Suter, S. Madheswaran and B. P. Vani. Milton: Taylor and Francis.

Li, Fengqi. 2013. The Research of Reports on Food safety incident by “People’s Daily” since the founding of the PRC. Anhui University.

Li, Lulu. 2008. "The Social Function of the Middle Class: New Question Approach and Multi-dimensional Analysis Frame." Journal of Renmin University of China, no. 4.

Liao, Sara Xueting. 2016. "Precarious Beauty: Migrant Chinese Women, Beauty Work, and Precarity." Chinese Journal of Communication 9 (2): 139-152.

Lincoln, Yvonna S. 1985. "Organizational Theory and Inquiry : the Paradigm Revolution."

---. 1995. "Emerging Criteria for Quality in Qualitative and Interpretive Research." Qualitative Inquiry 1 (3): 275-289.

Liu, Fengshu. 2008. "Constructing the Autonomous Middle-class Self in Today's China: the Case of Young-adult Only-children University Students." Journal of Youth Studies 11 (2): 193-212.

Liu, Yi Ling. 2021. "China’s “involuted” Generation." The New Yorker, 2021.https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/chinas-involuted-generation.

Liu, Yuting, and Fulong Wu. 2006. "The State, Institutional Transition and the Creation of New Urban Poverty in China." Social Policy and Administration 40 (2): 121-137.

Lovell, Terry. 2000. "Thinking Feminism with and against Bourdieu." Feminist Theory 1 (1): 11-32.

Lu, Lijing, and Yanli Ma. 2014. "Analysis on the Development Trend of Baby Formula Import Trade in China with the Regulation of “New Dairy Policies”." Chinese Journal of Animal Science 50 (18).

Luan, Lan, Aimee Kim, and Daniel Zipser. 2019. How Young Chinese Consumers are Reshaping Global Luxury McKinsey and Company.

Luhmann, Niklas. 1988. "Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives." In Trust : Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, edited by Gambetta Diego, 94 -

Oxford: Basil Blackwell

---. 2017. Trust and Power. Edited by Michael King and Christian Morgner. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.

Luo, Jiaqi. 2018. "China’s 300-billion Daigou Business: What’s Next After the Government Crackdown?" Luxury Society, 2018. https://www.luxurysociety.com/en/articles/2018/10/chinas-300-billion-daigoubusiness-whats-next-after-government-crackdown.

Lynch, Michael. 2000. "Against Reflexivity as an Academic Virtue and Source of Privileged Knowledge." Theory, Culture and Society 17 (3): 26-54.

Mann, Susan. 2000. "Work and Household in Chinese Culture: Historical Perspectives." 15- 32.

Mao, Zedong. 1962. Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society. Peking: Foreign Languages Press.

Marcus, George E. 1995. "Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography." Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1): 95-117.

Martin, Fran. 2022. Dreams of Flight: the Lives of Chinese Women Students in the West. Durham: Duke University Press.

Martin, John Levi. 2003. "What Is Field Theory?" American Journal of Sociology 109 (1): 1-49. https://doi.org/10.1086/375201.

Marx, Karl, and Frederick Engels. 1975. Manifesto of the Communist Party. - 2. ed., printing. ed. Peking: Foreign Languages Press.

Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. 1998. The Communist Manifesto. Edited by David

McLellan and Samuel Moore.Oxford World’s Classics. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

Mason, Roger S. 1981. Conspicuous Consumption : a Study of Exceptional Consumer Behavior. New York: St. Martin's Press.

---. 1999. The Economics of Conspicuous Consumption : Theory and Thought since 1700. Reprint. ed. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Mattley, Christine. 2005. "Aural Sex: The Politics and Moral Dilemmas of Studying the Social Construction of Fantasy." In The SAGE Handbook of Fieldwork, edited by Richard T. Wright and Dick Hobbs, 140. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Mauss, Marcel. 1980. The Gift : Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies. Reprint ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

McCall, Leslie. 1992. "Does Gender Fit? Bourdieu, Feminism, and Conceptions of Social Order." Theory and Society 21 (6): 837-867.

Meisner, Maurice J. 1999. Mao's China and after : A History of the People's Republic. New York: Free Press.

Meng, Jianguo. 2018. "Inside China’s Dystopian Dreams: A.I., Shame and Lots of Cameras." The New York Times, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/08/business/chinasurveillance- technology.html?_ga=2.169096809.935720993.1648733153-508294635.1648733153.

Merrifield, Caroline. 2019. "Seeing and Knowing: Sourcing Safe Food in Zhejiang." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 48.

Michael, Robert T. 2004. "Sexual Capital: an Extension of Grossman’s Concept of Health Capital." Journal of Health Economics 23 (4): 643-652.

Mizoguchi, Yuzo. 2016. "China as Method." Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 17 (4): 513-518.

Morini, Cristina. 2007. "The feminization of Labor in Cognitive Capitalism." Feminist Review (87): 40-59.

Morse, Janice M., Michael Barrett, Maria Mayan, Karin Olson, and Jude Spiers. 2002."Verification Strategies for Establishing Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 1 (2): 13-22.

Mude, Nada. 2011. "Debate: Safe milk" China Daily.

Nannan, Fu, Zhang Yue, Xu Tao, Yao Shiyi, Wang Huishan, and Jin Xi. 2021. "Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative in China: Retrospect and Prospect." Chinese Journal of

Women and Children Health 12 (4): 1-4.

News, Xinhua. 2008. "Sanlu Incident Focus".

Nielsen. 2017. Breaking Borders: Exploring the Daigou Opportunity.

O'Neill, Brenda, and Elisabeth Gidengil. 2013. Gender and Social Capital. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

Ong, Aihwa. 2006. Neoliberalism as Exception : Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty. Durham N.C: Duke University Press.

Orser, Barbara, Catherine Elliott, Orser Barbara, and Elliott Catherine. 2015. Feminine Capital: Unlocking the Power of Women Entrepreneurs. Palo Alto: Stanford

University Press.

Ortner, Sherry B. 1972. "Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?" Feminist Studies 1 (2): 5-31. http://www.jstor.org.ez.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/stable/3177638.

Osburg, John. 2013. Anxious Wealth : Money and Morality among China's Rew Rich.Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Parry, Jonathan, and Maurice Bloch. 2000. Money and the Morality of Exchange. Digital print. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Parry, Kathleen, Emily Taylor, Pam Hall-Dardess, Marsha Walker, and Miriam Labbok. 2013. "Understanding Women's Interpretations of Infant Formula Advertising." Birth

(2): 115-124.

Patico, Jennifer, and Eriberto P. Lozada Jr. 2019. "Children’s Food." In The Handbook of Food and Anthropology, edited by Jakob Klein and James L. Watson. London:

Bloomsbury Academic.

Patrick, James. 1973. A Glasgow Gang Observed. Reprint ed. London: Eyre Methuen.

Pearson, Geoff. 2009. "The Researcher as Hooligan: Where ‘Participant’ Observation Means Breaking the Law." International Journal of Social Research Methodology 12 (3): 243-255.

---. 2012. Ethnography of Gnglish Football Fans : Cans, Cops and Carnivals.New ethnographies. Manchester: Manchester University Pre.

People’s Daily. 1953. "Condensed Milk Cannot be Used as Main Food for Babies." People’s Daily, 1953. https://rmrb.online/read-htm-tid-102747-fpage-11.html.

People’s Daily Online. 2014. "Sanlu Milk Powder Incident ".

Perry, Elizabeth J. 1999. "Crime, Corruption, and Contention." In The Paradox of China’s Post-Mao Reforms, edited by Merle Goldman and Roderick MacFarquhar. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Puddy, Rebecca, and Rhett Burnie. 2018. "China’s Thirst for Baby Formula Creating Problems for Australian Shoppers and Staff." ABC News, 2018.

Qi, Xiaoying. 2021. "Floating Grandparents: Rethinking Family Obligation and Intergenerational Support." In Chinese Families Upside down: Intergenerational

Dynamics and Neo-Familism in the Early 21st Century, edited by Yunxiang Yan. Boston, United States: Brill.

Rapoza, Kenneth. 2015. "Jack Ma in London: ‘ A Half Billion Middle Class Chinese in 10 Years’." Forbes, 2015.

Reay, Diane. 2004. "Gendering Bourdieu's Concepts of Capitals? Emotional Capital, Women and Social class." The Sociological Review 52 (s2): 57-74.

Ritchie, Kerri. 2009. "Fonterra Denies Advocating Melamine Use in Milk Scandal".

Ritzer, George, and Nathan Jurgenson. 2010. "Production, Consumption, Prosumption: The Nature of Capitalism in the Age of the Digital ‘Prosumer’." Journal of Consumer Culture 10 (1): 13-36.

Roberts, Paul Craig, and Matthew A. Stephenson. 1973. Marx's Theory of Exchange, Alienation and Crisis. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press.

Rollins, Nigel C., Nita Bhandari, Nemat Hajeebhoy, Susan Horton, Chessa K. Lutter, Jose C. Martines, Ellen G. Piwoz, Linda M. Richter, and Cesar G.Victora. 2016. "Why Invest, and What It Will Take to Improve Breastfeeding Practices?" The Lancet (British

edition) 387 (10017): 491-504.

Ryan, Gery W., and H. Russell Bernard. 2003. "Techniques to Identify Themes." Field Methods 15 (1): 85-109. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1525822X02239569.

Rytter, Mikkel. 2013. Family Upheaval : Generation, Mobility and Relatedness among Pakistani Migrants in Denmark.EASA series ; 21. New York: Berghahn Books.

Sallaz, Jeffrey J. 2009. The Labor of Luck : Casino Capitalism in the United States and South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Seligman, Adam B. 2000. The Problem of Trust. Princeton: University.

Sheng, Zou. 2021. "Disenchanting Trust: Instrumental Reason, Algorithmic Governance, and China’s Emerging Social Credit System." Media and Communication 9 (2): 140-149.

Silver, Allan. 1990. "Friendship in Commercial Society: Eighteenth-century Social Theory and Modern Sociology." American Journal of Sociology 95 (6): 31.

Silverstein, Michael J., and Kate Sayre. 2009. "The Female Economy." Harvard Business Review 2009. https://hbr.org/2009/09/the-female-economy.

Simmel, Georg. 1978. The Philosophy of Money. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Skeggs, Beverley. 2004. "Context and Background: Pierre Bourdieu's Analysis of Class, Gender and sexuality." The Sociological Review 52 (s2): 19-33.

Smith, Adam. 1976. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Edited by Adam Smith. Indianapolis: Liberty Classics.

Solinger, Dorothy J. 2002. "Labour Market Reform and the Plight of the Laid-off Proletariat." The China Quarterly 170 (170): 304-326.

---. 2004. "The New Crowd of the Dispossessed: The Shift of the Urban Proletariat from Master to Mendicant." In State and Society in 21st-century China : Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation, edited by Peter Hays Gries and Stanley Rosen. New York: Routledge.

Spiers, Jude, Janice M. Morse, Karin Olson, Maria Mayan, and Michael Barrett. 2018. "Reflection/Commentary on a Past Article: “Verification Strategies for Establishing

Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research”." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 17 (1).

Stafford, Charles. 2000. "Chinese Patriliny and the Cycles of Yang and Laiwang." In Cultures of Relatedness : New Approaches to the Study of Kinship, edited by Janet

Carsten. New York: Cambridge University Press.

---. 2006. "Deception, Corruption and the Chinese Ritual Economy." In Consuming China : Approaches to Cultural Change in Contemporary China, edited by Kevin Latham, Stuart Thompson, Jakob Klein and Kevin Latham. London: Routledge.

---. 2013. Ordinary Ethics in China. London: Bloomsbury.

Statistics Denmark. 2022. Population at the First Day of the Quarter by Municipality, Sex, Age, Marital Status, Ancestry, Country of Origin and Citizenship.

Steger, Manfred B. 2018. "What is Global Studies." In The Oxford Handbook of Global Studies, edited by Mark Juergensmeyer, Saskia Sassen, Manfred B. Steger and Victor Faessel.

Strauss, Anselm, and Juliet Corbin. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research : Grounded Theory, Procedures and Techniques. 2. printing ed. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage.

Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard 2014. Trust. 1. edition ed. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.

Szabo, Michelle. 2011. "The Challenges of "Re-engaging with Food": Connecting Employment, Household Patterns and Gender Relations to Convenience Food Consumption in North America." Food, Culture, and Society 14 (4): 547-566.

Tang, Li, Andy H. Lee, Colin W. Binns, Yuxiong Yang, Yan Wu, Yanxia Li, and Liqian Qiu. 2014. "Widespread Usage of Infant Formula in China: A Major Public Health

Problem." Birth 41 (4): 339-343.

The People’s Daily. 2002. "Quanmian Jianshe Xiaokang Shehui, Kaichuang Zhongguo Tese Shehui Zhuyi Shiye Xin Jumian (Build a Well-off society in an All-round way, and

Create a New Situation in Building Socialism with Chinese charateristics)." 2002.

The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, 2011, "Outline of the Development of Children (2011-2020)."

Theurich, Melissa Ann, Riccardo Davanzo, Marianne Busck-Rasmussen, N. Marta Díaz-Gómez, Christine Brennan, Elisabeth Kylberg, Anne Bærug, Laura McHugh,

Cornelia Weikert, Klaus Abraham, and Berthold Koletzko. 2018. "Breastfeeding Rates and Programs in Europe – A Survey of 11 National Breastfeeding Committees

and Representatives." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Publish Ahead of Print (3): 400-407.

Thompson, E. P. 1974. The Making of the English Working Class. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

Thunø, Mette. 1998. "Chinese Immigrants in Denmark After 1949:: Immigration Patterns and Development." In The Last Half Century of Chinese Overseas, edited by Elizabeth Sinn, 141. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, HKU.

Tomba, Luigi. 2004. "Creating an Urban Middle Class: Social Engineering in Beijing." The China Journal 51 (51): 1-26.

Tsai, Kellee S. . 2005. "Capitalists without a Class: Political Diversity Among Private Enterpreneurs in China." Comparative Political Studies 38 (9): 1130.

Tuncer, Selda. 2018. Women and Public Space in Turkey : Gender, Modernity and the Rrban Experience. 1. Edition ed. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

U, Eddy. 2016. "Rise of Marxist Classes: Bureaucratic Classification and Class Formation in Early Socialist China." European Journal of Sociology. 57 (1): 1-29.

Urry, John. 2007. Mobilities. Cambridge: Polity.

Vileisis, Ann. 2008. Kitchen Literacy : How We Lost Knowledge of Where Food Comes from and Why We Need to Get it Back. Washington, D.C: Island Press/Shearwater Books.

Wang, Hui, and Rebecca E. Karl. 1998. "Contemporary Chinese Thought and the Question of Modernity." Social Text (55): 9-44.

Wang, Qianni, and Shifan Ge. 2020. "How One Obscure Word Captures Urban China’s Unhappiness: Anthropologist Xiang Biao Explains Why the Academic Concept of “Involution” Became a Social Media Buzzword." Sixth Tone, 2020. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006391/how-one-obscure-word-captures-urbanchinas-unhappiness.

Wang, Raymond Yu, Zhenzhong Si, Cho Nam Ng, and Steffanie Scott. 2015. "The Transformation of Trust in China’s Alternative Food Networks: Disruption, Reconstruction, and Development." Ecology and Society 20 (2): 19.

Wang, Shaoguang. 2008. "The Great Transformation: Two-way Movement in China since the 1980s." Social Sciences in China 1.

Wang, Xiaobei, Jia Li, Yue Qiu, and Jin Fang. 2019. Zhongguo Muru Weixiang Yingxiang Yinsu Diaocha Baogao (Research Report on Influencing Factors for Breastfeeding in China). China Development Research Foundation. https://www.cdrf.org.cn/jjhdt/4853.jhtml;.

Wang, Zheng. 2003. "Gender, Employment and Women’s Resistance." In Chinese Society : Change, Conflict and Resistance, edited by Elizabeth J. Perry and Mark Selden. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.

Watson, James L. 2000. Food as a Lens: The Past, Present, and Future of Family Life in China. Edited by Jun Jing.Feeding China's Little Emperors : Food, Children, and

Social Change. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

Watts, Jonathan. 2004. "Chinese Baby Milk Blamed for 50 deaths." The Guardian, 2004.

Weber, Max, A. M. Henderson, and Talcott Parsons. 1964. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. 1. edition ed. New York: The Free Press.

Weinbaum, Alys Eve. 2008. The Modern Girl around the World : Consumption, Modernity, and Globalization. Edited by Alys Eve Weinbaum.Next wave. Durham, N.C: Duke

University Press.

WHO. 2001. Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding: Report of an Expert Consultation (Geneva).

---. 2008. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. (Washington DC).

WHO/UNICEF. 2018. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. WHO/UNICEF (Geneva). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241562218.

Wilson, Scott. 2002. "Face, Norms, and Instrumentality." In Social Connections in China: Institutions, Culture, and the Changing Nature of Guanxi, edited by Thomas Gold, Doug Guthrie and David Wank. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wright, Georg Henrik von. 1971. Explanation and Understanding. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

---. 2004. Explanation and Understanding.Cornell Classics in Philosophy. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.

Wu, Hua Hong, Ya Qin Zhang, Xin Nan Zong, and Hui Li. 2018. "Changes of Feeding Patterns in Chinese City Children under 2 Years from 1985 to 2015: Results from a

Series of National Cross-sectional Surveys." World Journal of Pediatrics 15 (2): 176-181.

Wu, Hui. 2010. Once Iron Girls : Essays on Gender by Post-Mao Chinese Literary Women. Lanham: Lexington Books.

Xiang, Biao. 2005. Transcending Boundaries : Zhejiangcun : the Story of a Migrant Village in Beijing. Leiden: Brill.

---. 2007. Global “Body Shopping" : an Indian Labor System in the Information Technology Industry. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.

---. 2013. "Return and the Reordering of Transnational Mobility in Asia." In Return: Nationalizing Transnational Mobility in Asia, edited by Xiang Biao, Brenda S.A.

Yeoh and Mika Toyato. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

---. 2020. "The Gyroscope-like Economy: Hypermobility, Structural Imbalance and Pandemic Governance in China." Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 21 (4): 521-532.

Xiao, Bang, and Sean Mantesso. 2019. "The Daigou Channel: How A Handful of Chinese Shoppers Turned into a Billion-dollar Industry." China Watch, 2019.

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-31/chinese-daigou-changing-influencingaustralian- business/11221498.

Xiaokang Journal. 2012. "80% of 16 Cities’ Residents Worried about the Food Safety ", 2012. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/sd/2012-07-06/144224726314.shtml.

Xiong, Yihan. 2020. "Finely Stratified Society and Middle - Class Anxiety " Beijing Cultural Review

Xu, Fenglian, Liqian Qiu, Colin W. Binns, and Xiaoxian Liu. 2009. "Breastfeeding in China: a Review." International Breastfeeding Journal 4 (1): 6-6.

Yan, Hairong. 2003a. "Neoliberal Governmentality and Neohumanism: Organizing Suzhi/Value Flow through Labor Recruitment Networks." Cultural anthropology 18

(4): 493-523.

---. 2003b. "Specialization of the Rural: Reinterpreting the Labor Mobility of Rural Young Women in Post-Mao China." American Ethnologist 30 (4): 578-596.

---. 2008. New Masters, New Servants : Migration, Development, and Women Workers in China. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press.

Yan, Yunxiang. 1996. The Flow of Gifts : Reciprocity and Social Networks in a Chinese Village. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

---. 2003. Private Life under Socialism Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in a Chinese Village, 1949-1999. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

---. 2009. The Individualization of Chinese Society. Oxford: Berg.

---. 2011. "The Individualization of the Family in Rural China." Boundary 2 38 (1): 203-229. https://doi.org/10.1215/01903659-1262590.

---. 2012. "Food Safety and Social Risk in Contemporary China." The Journal of Asian Studies 71 (3): 705-729.

---. 2013. "The Drive for Success and the Ethics of the Striving Individual " In Ordinary Ethics in China, edited by Charles Stafford. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

Yanagisako, S. J. 1979. "Family and Household: The Analysis of Domestic Groups." Annual Review of Anthropology 8 (1): 161-205.

Yang, Guobin. 2013. "Contesting Food Safety in the Chinese Media: Between Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony." The China Quarterly 214 (214): 337-355.

Yang, Mei-Hui. 1994. Gifts, Favors, and Banquets : the Art of Social Relationships in China. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

---. 1999. Spaces of Their Own : Women's Public Sphere in Transnational China. Minneapolis, Mn: University of Minnesota Press.

Yu, Haiqing, and Lili Cui. 2019. "China's E-Commerce: Empowering Rural Women?" The China Quarterly 238: 418-437.

Yue, Jinglun, and Xin Fan. 2018. "Childcare Policy in China: Review, Reflection and Reconstruction." Social Science in China 9.

Zhang, Ke, Li Tang, Hong Wang, Liqian Qiu, Colin W. Binns, and Andy H. Lee. 2015. "Why do Mothers of Young Infants Choose to Formula Feed in China? Perceptions of

Mothers and Hospital staff." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public health 12 (5): 4520-4532.

Zhang, Li. 2001. Strangers in the City : Reconfigurations of Space, Power, and Social Networks within China's Floating Population. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University

Press.

---. 2012. In Search of Paradise: Middle-class Living in a Chinese Metropolis. 1 ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Zhang, Lin. 2017. "Fashioning the Feminine Self in “Prosumer Capitalism”: Women's Work and the Transnational Reselling of Western Luxury Online." Journal of Consumer Culture 17 (2): 184-204.

Zhang, Meifang, and Bing Liu. 2015. "Technology and Gender: A Case Study on “Iron Girls” in China (1950s–1970s)." Technology in Society 43: 86-94.

Zheng, Guofu. 2021. "The New Trend, Problems and Suggestions of China’s Milk Powder Imports Trade Development." China Dairy 237.

Zheng, Hangsheng. 2004. Studies for Changing Trends of Social Structure in China Today. Beijing, China: Zhongguo Renmin University Press.

Zheng, Tiantian. 2009. Red Lights : the Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Zhong, Xueping, Zheng Wang, and Bai Di. 2001. Some of Us : Chinese Women Rrowing up in the Mao era. Edited by Xueping Zhong, Zheng Wang and Bai Di. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Zhou, Xiaohong. 2005. Survey of the Chinese Middle Classes. Social Sciences Academic Press.

Zhu, Bin. 2017. "A Review on Studies of China’s Middle Class " Sociological Review of China 5 (1).

Forside for PhD afhandling med titlen: Daigou: Transnational Flows, Relatedness, and the Reproduction of the Chinese Family

Downloads

Publiceret

24 marts 2023

Detaljer om denne monografi

ISBN-13 (15)

978-87-7507-537-9