Particle Sizing in Geosciences: Explanation of Various Techniques and Pre-treatments
Nøgleord:
Soil, Sediment, Particle size, Particle characterization, Texture, Particle size distribution, Phi, Sedimentation, Stoke's law, Flocculation, Clay, Kaolinite, Quartz, Sieving, Fraction, Split, Laser diffraction, Fraunhofer approximation, Mie theory, Equivalent sphere theory, Dynamic image analysis, Near infrared spectroscopy, Log-hyperbolic distribution, Shape, Form, Geoscience, Geology, Geotechnical engineeringSynopsis
This paper describes different methods for particle characterization, specifically size and shape, from a technical perspective. It emphasizes on analytical procedures in the laboratory, practical challenges and data processing. The content is based on hands-on experience with soil and sediment materials and provides theoretical background information, examples of relevant computations, descriptions of hardware and discussions of using different settings. It is intended to be used as a handbook and may be useful as a guide when designing a local procedure for particle size and shape methods.
To achieve results of the highest quality, attention should be given to the importance of sample handling, relevant pretreatment and dispersion into single, free flowing particles. Equally important is the attention to detail, ranging from proper laboratory working conditions to critical evaluation of data.
One of the main and most important conclusions is the difficulties in comparing data obtained by techniques that measure different properties. This observation does not only apply to particle characterization but is universally applicable.
Referencer
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DGF's laboratoriekomité. Laboratoriehåndbogen - Manual for laboratory tests. Edited by Dansk Geoteknisk Forening. dgf-Bulletin 15, 2001.
Elonen, Paavo. Particle Size Analysis of Soil. 1971.
Elvekjær, Finn, and Børge Degn Nielsen. Fysikkens verden 2. 1. Gjellerup & Gad, 1993.
Embuido, Andres M., Reynaldo N. Azucena, and Gary L. Davis. Engineering Aid 3. Naval Education and Training Program, 1991.
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Eshel, G., G. J. Levy, U. Mingelgrin, and M. J. Singer. "Critical evaluation of the Use of Laser Diffraction for Particle-Size Distribution Analysis." Soil Science Society of America Journal 68 (May-June 2004): 736-743.
Fisher, Peter, Colin Aumann, Kohleth Chia, Nick O'Halloran, and Subhash Chandra. "Adequacy of laser diffraction for soil particle size analysis." Open access, 5 4, 2017: 20.
Folk, Robert L., and William C. Ward. "Brazos River bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters." Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, March 1957: 3-26.
Friedman, Gerald M. "On Sorting, Sorting Coefficients, and the Lognormality of the Grain-Size Distribution of Sandstones." The Journal of Geology (The University of Chicago Press) 70, no. No. 6 (November 1962): 737-753.
Griffiths, John C. Scientific method in analysis of sediments. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.
Guggenheim, Stephen, and R. T. Martin. Definition of clay and clay mineral: Joint report of the AIPEA nomenclature and CMS nomenclature committees. Vol. 43, no. 2, Clay and Clay Minerals, 1995, 255-256.
Hartmann, Daniel, and Dan Bowman. "Efficiency of the Log-Hyperbolic Distribution A Case Study Pattern of Sediment Sorting in a Small Tidal-Inlet Het Zwin, The Netherlands." Journal of Coastal Research (Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc.) 9, no. 4 (Autumn 1993): 1044-1053.
Hayton, Shaun, Campbell S. Nelson, Brian D. Ricketts, Steve Cooke, and Maurice W. Wedd. "Effect of Mica on particle-size anlyses using the laser diffraction technique." Journal of Sedimentary Research 71, no. 3 (May 2001): 507-509.
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International Organization for Standardization. "DS ISO 13320: Particle size analysis - Laser diffraction methods." 2020.
International Organization for Standardization. "DS ISO 13322: Particle size analysis - Image analysis methods." 2014.
International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 14688: Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil." 2017.
International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 14689: Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification, description and classification of rock." 2017.
Jillavenkatesa, Ajit, Stanley J. Dapkunas, and Lin-Sien H. Lum. Particle Size Characterization. Edited by Technology Administration, National Institute of Standard and Technology U.S. Department of Commerce. 2001.
Jones, Rod M. "Particle size analysis by laser diffraction: ISO 13320, standard operating procedures, and Mie theory." American Laboratory, January 2003: 44-47.
Knadel, Maria, interview by Charlotte Rasmussen. (April 20, 2020).
Knadel, Maria. PhD thesis (Sensor based mapping of agricultural soils in Denmark). Dept. of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 2011.
Kohnke, Helmut. Soil physics. McGraw-Hill Inc., 1968.
Konert, Martin, and Jef Vandeberghe. "Comparison of laser grain size analysis with pipette and sieve analysis: A solution for the underestimation of the clay fraction." Sedimentology 44, no. 3 (1997): 523-535.
Krumbein, W. C., and L. L. Sloss. Stratigraphy and sedimentation. San Francisco, California: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1951.
Krumbein, William Christian, and Francis John Pettijohn. Manual of Sedimentary Petrography. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts Inc., 1938.
Kuhlman, Hans. "Kornstørrelser i klit- og strandsand." Geografisk Tidsskrift 56 (1957): 22-26.
Larsen, G., et al. Vejledning i Ingeniørgeologisk prøvebeskrivelse. Danish Geotechnical Society, 1995.
McCave, I. N., and J. P. M. Syvitski. "Principles and methods of geological particle size analysis." Chap. 1 in Principles, methods, and application of particle size analysis, edited by James P. M. Syvitski, 3-21. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
McCave, I. N., B. Manighetti, and S. G. Robinson. "Sortable silt and fine sediment size/composition slicing: Parameters for paleocurrent speed and palaeoceanography." Paleoceanography, June 1995: 593-610.
Micromeritics Instrument Corporation. Particle Size Analysis Problem Solved With Breakthrough Technology. 1 20, 2006. http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1481 (accessed December 2009).
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